This blog is a thinking activity assigned by Megha Ma’am, based on the 1940 novel by Earnest Hemingway called, ‘For Whom The Bell Tolls’.
About the Author:-
’For Whom The Bell Tolls’ Explained:-
The novel takes its title from John Donne‘s poem, “Meditation 17”. This poem talks about dependence of human on other people and the inevitability of death. Both of these themes are presented in the novel as well. You can check out the poem here.
“And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls;
it tolls for thee.”
The novel begins in spring of 1937. The setting of the novel is the Spanish Civil War fought between Republicans, who were supported by America and Fascist, who were supported by Nazi Germany and Italy. The protagonist, Robert Jordan, is an American explosives expert who volunteers to the Republican side. He is given the mission to blow up a bridge that is in control of the Fascist. He has to work with the guerrilla fighters led by Pablo. Robert Jordan faces a lot of complications, including the division of the guerrilla group in regards to the bridge operation. Here he meets and falls in love with Maria. Throughout the novel, Robert Jordan struggles with questions of morality and the loss of life. At the end of the novel, we could witness a fierce battle, and the narrative ends with a wounded Robert Jordan, waiting for his enemies and his inevitable death. You can read further about it here.
1. In what ways the Flashback Technique was used in ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’.
Ernest Hemingway's writing style is characterised by simplicity, directness, and a focus on understanding emotion. He writes in short sentences that are straightforward. He employs declarative sentences, minimising adjectives and adverbs. Hemingway's use of vivid imagery and precise language creates a stark and realistic portrayal of war. The novel's dialogue is notable for its authenticity, reflecting the speech patterns of the characters. Additionally, Hemingway's iceberg theory is evident, where much of the meaning is conveyed through what is left unsaid. This minimalist approach enhances the impact of the story's themes, emphasising the human cost of conflict.
Flashbacks technique is Engaging to the readers as it delves into the characters' pasts. It sheds light on their motivations, decisions, and present state. For example, early in the novel, Robert experiences a vivid flashback to his life in Montana. This flashback reveals his initial idealism about Spanish Civil War. He remembers his excitement about joining the fight against fascism, Fuelled by a sense of adventure and the desire to defend a just cause. This flashback contrast with his present disillusionment. The harsh realities of war have taken Away his initial enthusiasm. Through flashback, we can see the gap between Roberts, romantic expectations, and the devastating consequences of the conflict.
Another example is found in the character of Maria. Maria has a re occurring flashback of the abuse she suffered. This flashback shows the reader, her emotional state, as well as her initial distress towards Robert. The trauma of her past experiences haunts her still. This flashback helps the reader in understanding her emotional vulnerability.
Hence, by employing the flashback technique Hemingway allows the readers to enter the characters mind and examine the events that made them the way they are.
Other than that, Flashbacks can also portray the relationship between characters. Karkov’s Flashback to his act of saving Andres and Gomez, strengthens the bond between them. It’s showcases his loyalty despite his outer gruff exterior.
It is worth noting that, compared to other literary giants, Hemingway uses flashback techniques in a very restrained manner. His writing mostly focuses on the present moment and the immediate action and responses of characters. However, when employed flashback technique, serves a critical purpose in his narrative, by highlighting the psychological impact of past experiences, offering a deeper understanding of the characters motivations and creating a sense of contrast between past, and present.
2. Explain: Robert Jordan as a Typical Hemingway Hero.
The Hemingway Hero is a concept coined to describe the protagonist in Ernest Hemingway's works. This character is typically a stoic, courageous, and often flawed individual who faces life's challenges with grace, dignity, and a sense of honour, even in the face of adversity. The Hemingway Hero shows qualities such as bravery, self-reliance, and a code of ethics, often in the midst of chaotic environments. This archetype is prevalent in Hemingway's novels and short stories, embodying themes of masculinity, existentialism, and the human condition.
To understand the Hemingway Hero better you can check out this article by R. Savitha - “Characteristics of Hemingway’s Heroes in his Novels”.
Based on this article several key characteristics of Hemingway hero become apparent to us. Let us examine some of the key characteristics and see how they are incorporated in Robert Jordan’s character.
1. Physically or Psychologically Wounded:-
The article states that the "Hemingway hero is a man who would never completely recover from his wounds, though he may learn to overcome some of his troubles and learn to live with some." It gives examples of Jake Barnes from ‘The Sun Also Rises’ being impotent from a war wound, Frederic Henry from ‘A Farewell To Arms’ was wounded in the legs during war, and Robert Jordan suffering emotional scars from his father's suicide as well as later physical wounds. The wounding represents trauma that shapes the hero's psyche.
2. Alienated from Society :-
Hemingway's heroes are oftentimes depicted as alienated from organised society. This is done by living abroad, deserting war, or by making a "separate peace" by cutting themselves off. The situation of Robert Jordan is quite different, in this matter, when compare to other Hemingway protagonists. Robert Jordan has been alienated from his former life but he is not completely alone and isolated. He has companionship in the republican gurilla soldiers.
3. Code of Conduct :-
In place of religious faith, the Hemingway hero lives by an unwritten code of values like courage, endurance, grace under pressure. The article calls this the "code hero" that exemplifies principles the wounded hero must follow. In ‘For Whom The Bell Tolls’, we see Robert Jordan’s unwavering dedication to his mission of blowing up the bridge. One can say that his dedication takes on “Religious proportions”. This shows Jordan living by Hemingway’s code of purpose, duty and grace.
4. Hedonistic Streak :-
While not solely hedonistic, the article notes the heroes do exhibit a tendency to "seek pleasure of the physical senses and material comforts" like drinking, womanising and adventure. This quality is seen in Robert Jordan to some extent.
5. Men of Action :-
Admiring bullfighters, the heroes are passionate "men of action" who live by experiences and behaviours rather than just contemplation, embodying an ideal of primordial masculinity. This quality is also seen in Robert Jordan as he is a man of action and dislikes people like Pablo who are afraid to die.
So in short, Hemingway's protagonist is a disillusioned, experiential man of action living by a strict moral code as he grapples with the traumas and pleasures of life in a seemingly meaningless universe. This archetype is not exclusive to Hemingway’s writings and we can see many examples of Hemingway hero in our cinema. One famous Example is Dr. Indiana Jones from Indiana Jones movie series.
To know more about Hemingway Hero, you can check out this video:-
Conclusion
In conclusion, Ernest Hemingway skilfully employs the flashback technique in "For Whom the Bell Tolls" to enhance the story. By showcasing Jordan’s journey Hemingway embodies the Hemingway protagonist exploring themes of bravery, integrity and selflessness amidst turmoil. As readers delve into Jordans recollections they uncover insights into his motives and the intricate layers of his persona. Ultimately "For Whom the Bell Tolls" serves as a timeless tribute to Hemingway's storytelling prowess.
Words - 1382
Images - 5
Videos - 2
References -
Savitha, R. “CHARACTERISTICS OF HEMINGWAY’S HEROES IN HIS NOVELS.” International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, vol. 5, no. 10, 2017, p. 6, https://oaji.net/articles/2017/488-1511868460.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2024.
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